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@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ DOMAIN = www.sacredheartsc.com URL = https://${DOMAIN} RSYNC_TARGET = ${DOMAIN}:/usr/local/www/${DOMAIN} FEED_TITLE = Cullum Smith's Blog -FEED_DESCRIPTION = Dad, southerner, unix wrangler, banjo enjoyer +FEED_DESCRIPTION = Blog of a unix wrangler, Gregorian chant and banjo enjoyer STATIC_REGEX = .*\.(html|css|jpg|jpeg|png|ico|xml|txt|asc|webmanifest) RECENT_POSTS_LIMIT = 5 HIGHLIGHT_STYLE = pygments diff --git a/src/blog/freebsd-14-on-the-desktop/index.md b/src/blog/freebsd-14-on-the-desktop/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2a6a13a --- /dev/null +++ b/src/blog/freebsd-14-on-the-desktop/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,1127 @@ +--- +title: FreeBSD 14 on the Desktop +date: November 20, 2024 +description: KDE 5 on a real Unix! +--- + +After [much deliberation](../reevaluating-rhel/), I finally decided to migrate my entire +infrastructure from [Rocky Linux](https://rockylinux.org/) to [FreeBSD](https://www.freebsd.org/). + +Why FreeBSD? Perhaps you yearn for a simpler time, when `ifconfig` configured your network +interfaces. When `/etc/motd` didn't download advertisements from the web. When adults actually +packaged their software, instead of shipping 400 MB Flatpaks that make syscalls +over D-Bus. + +Rest easy, weary netizen. While the [teenagers](https://www.jwz.org/doc/cadt.html) busy +themselves with `systemd-resolved`, Netplan, and other horrors, +you can still find peace in the tranquility of `/etc/rc.conf`. The enemy, +ensnared by the YAML tarpit, is not **yet** at our gates (*sic transit gloria mundi*, etc). + +Anyway, let's build a FreeBSD desktop system with KDE. This guide will assume you're using +Intel graphics with X11 (don't @ me about Wayland 🤡). + +{.center} + +## Installation + +Grab a FreeBSD memstick image from [here](https://www.freebsd.org/where/) and `dd` it +to a USB stick: + +```bash +curl -OJ https://download.freebsd.org/releases/amd64/amd64/ISO-IMAGES/14.1/FreeBSD-14.1-RELEASE-amd64-memstick.img +sudo dd if=FreeBSD-14.1-RELEASE-amd64-memstick.img of=/dev/sdX bs=1M conv=sync +``` + +The installation wizard is straightforward. Make sure your system is configured for UEFI boot, +and select ZFS (GPT) for the disk layout. + +Once you reboot, login as root using the password specified during installation. + +## Devices, Drivers, and Tuning + +In this section, we'll configure device drivers and make various tweaks to +get optimum performance out of a desktop system. + +You're not required to use *all* of these, but they've worked well for me. + +### Bootloader Tunables + +First, open up `/boot/loader.conf` and consider adding the following: + +```bash +# /boot/loader.conf + +# Faster boot time. +autoboot_delay="3" + +# Load PF firewall module. +pf_load="YES" + +# Enable querying CPU information and temperature. +cpuctl_load="YES" +coretemp_load="YES" + +# 99% of users will never need destructive dtrace. +security.bsd.allow_destructive_dtrace="0" + +# Bump up some default limits for desktop usage. +kern.ipc.shmseg="1024" +kern.ipc.shmmni="1024" +kern.maxproc="100000" + +# If your system supports Intel Speed Shift (check dmesg), set this to 0: +machdep.hwpstate_pkg_ctrl="0" + +# Enable PCI power saving. +hw.pci.do_power_nodriver="3" + +# Optimizations for Intel graphics. +compat.linuxkpi.i915_enable_fbc="1" +compat.linuxkpi.i915_fastboot="1" + +# Load Linux binary compatibility layer. +linux_load="YES" +linux64_load="YES" + +# Load FUSE module (filesystems in user-space). +fusefs_load="YES" + +# CUSE is needed for webcamd. +cuse_load="YES" + +# Enable this module to use USB tethering (Android/iPhone) +if_urndis_load="YES" + +################ +# Network tuning +################ +# H-TCP congestion control algorithm designed to perform better over fast, +# long-distance networks (like the internet). You might consider using it. +cc_htcp_load="YES" + +# Enable faster soreceive() implementation. +net.inet.tcp.soreceive_stream="1" + +# Increase network interface queue length. +net.isr.defaultqlimit="2048" +net.link.ifqmaxlen="2048" + +######################## +# Laptop-related options +######################## +# Increase ZFS transaction timeout to save battery. +vfs.zfs.txg.timeout="10" + +# Power saving for Intel graphics. +compat.linuxkpi.i915_disable_power_well="1" +compat.linuxkpi.i915_enable_dc="2" + +# Enable Thinkpad buttons. +acpi_ibm_load="YES" +``` + +### Sysctl Tweaks + +Next, open up `/etc/sysctl.conf` and consider setting the following sysctls. +Note that you can view the description of any sysctl by running `sysctl -d`. + +```bash +# /etc/sysctl.conf + +#################### +# sEcuRitY HaRdeNinG +#################### +hw.kbd.keymap_restrict_change=4 +kern.coredump=0 +kern.elf32.aslr.pie_enable=1 +kern.random.fortuna.minpoolsize=128 +kern.randompid=1 +net.inet.icmp.drop_redirect=1 +net.inet.ip.process_options=0 +net.inet.ip.random_id=1 +net.inet.ip.redirect=0 +net.inet.ip.rfc1122_strong_es=1 +net.inet.tcp.always_keepalive=0 +net.inet.tcp.drop_synfin=1 +net.inet.tcp.icmp_may_rst=0 +net.inet.tcp.syncookies=0 +net.inet6.ip6.redirect=0 +security.bsd.unprivileged_proc_debug=1 +security.bsd.unprivileged_read_msgbuf=0 + +# Some guides will tell you use these. +# More trouble than they're worth, IMO: +# +#kern.elf32.allow_wx=0 +#kern.elf64.allow_wx=0 +#security.bsd.hardlink_check_gid=1 +#security.bsd.hardlink_check_uid=1 +#security.bsd.see_other_gids=0 +#security.bsd.see_other_uids=0 + +################################## +# Network performance tuning +# +# The default values for many of these sysctls are optimized for the latencies +# of a local network. The modifications below should result in better TCP +# performance over connections with a larger RTT (like the internet), but at +# the expense of higher memory utilization. +# +# source: trust me, bro +############################### +kern.ipc.maxsockbuf=2097152 +kern.ipc.soacceptqueue=1024 +kern.ipc.somaxconn=1024 +net.inet.tcp.abc_l_var=44 +net.inet.tcp.cc.abe=1 +net.inet.tcp.cc.algorithm=htcp +net.inet.tcp.cc.htcp.adaptive_backoff=1 +net.inet.tcp.cc.htcp.rtt_scaling=1 +net.inet.tcp.ecn.enable=1 +net.inet.tcp.fast_finwait2_recycle=1 +net.inet.tcp.fastopen.server_enable=1 +net.inet.tcp.finwait2_timeout=5000 +net.inet.tcp.initcwnd_segments=44 +net.inet.tcp.keepcnt=2 +net.inet.tcp.keepidle=62000 +net.inet.tcp.keepinit=5000 +net.inet.tcp.minmss=536 +net.inet.tcp.msl=2500 +net.inet.tcp.mssdflt=1448 +net.inet.tcp.nolocaltimewait=1 +net.inet.tcp.recvbuf_max=2097152 +net.inet.tcp.recvspace=65536 +net.inet.tcp.sendbuf_inc=65536 +net.inet.tcp.sendbuf_max=2097152 +net.inet.tcp.sendspace=65536 +net.local.stream.recvspace=65536 +net.local.stream.sendspace=65536 + +####################### +# Desktop optimizations +####################### +# Prevent shared memory from being swapped to disk. +kern.ipc.shm_use_phys=1 + +# Increase scheduler preemption threshold for snappier GUI experience. +kern.sched.preempt_thresh=224 + +# Allow unprivileged users to mount things. +vfs.usermount=1 + +# Don't switch virtual consoles back and forth on suspend. +# With some graphics cards, switching to a different VT breaks hardware acceleration. +# https://github.com/freebsd/drm-kmod/issues/175 +kern.vt.suspendswitch=0 + +######################## +# Power saving (laptops) +######################## +hw.snd.latency=7 +``` + +### WiFi + +WiFi is not where FreeBSD shines. Hope you can live with 802.11g. + +First, you'll need to figure out which driver supports your card (if any). For Intel +cards, this will likely be `iwn(4)`, `iwm(4)`, or `iwlwifi(4)`. Check those man pages. + +My card happens to be an Intel Wireless AC 8265, which is supported by the `iwm` driver. + +First, make sure the required kernel modules are loaded on boot: + +```bash +# /boot/loader.conf + +if_iwm_load="YES" +iwm8265fw_load="YES" +``` + +Next, have `rc(8)` create a `wlan0` device on boot: + +```bash +sysrc -v wlans_iwm0=wlan0 +sysrc -v create_args_wlan0='country US regdomain FCC' +sysrc -v ifconfig_wlan0='WPA DHCP powersave' +``` + +The `WPA` option will use `wpa_supplicant(8)` to manage WiFi networks. You can either +edit `/etc/wpa_supplicant.conf` by hand, or use the graphical interface provided by +`networkmgr`: + +```bash +pkg install sudo networkmgr +``` + +Note that `networkmgr` requires root permissions. You can allow all members of the +`operator` group to run `networkmgr` without a password using `sudo`: + +```bash +# /usr/local/etc/sudoers.d/networkmgr + +%operator ALL=NOPASSWD: /usr/local/bin/networkmgr +``` + +### CPU Microcode and Power Savings + +Install the latest CPU microcode: + +```bash +pkg install cpu-microcode +``` + +Edit `/boot/loader.conf` to load the microcode on boot: + +```bash +# /boot/loader.conf + +cpu_microcode_load="YES" +cpu_microcode_name="/boot/firmware/intel-ucode.bin" +``` + +You can save a lot of battery (and heat) by enabling lower CPU C-states: + +```bash +sysrc -v performance_cx_lowest=Cmax economy_cx_lowest=Cmax +``` + +Note that with modern Intel processors, it is no longer necessary to run `powerd(8)`. + +### Intel Graphics Driver + +Install the Intel graphics driver and make sure it's loaded on boot: + +```bash +pkg install drm-kmod libva-intel-media-driver +sysrc -v kld_list+=i915kms +``` + +### Webcam + +With any luck, your webcam will be supported by `webcamd`: + +```bash +pkg install webcamd v4l-utils +sysrc -v webcamd_enable=YES +``` + +### Sound + +Many ports are built with [sndio](https://sndio.org/) support by default (like Firefox). +You can think of it as a BSD-native `pulseaudio`. + +```bash +pkg install sndio +sysrc -v sndiod_enable=YES + +# There appears to be a race condition with sndiod and clear_tmp_enable. +# When /tmp is cleared out on boot, the sndiod socket is inadvertently removed! +sysrc -v clear_tmp_enable=NO +``` + +#### Using different audio devices simultaneously + +FreeBSD's OSS has an unfortunate limitation: only one audio device +can be used at a time. For example, I was unable to use my webcam's integrated +microphone and my USB speakers simultaneously during video chats. + +As described on the [FreeBSD Wiki](https://wiki.freebsd.org/Sound#virtual_oss_.28advanced.29), +the `virtual_oss(8)` package exists to work around this limitation: + +```bash +pkg install virtual_oss +``` + +First, check the contents of `/dev/sndstat` to determine your device numbering: + +``` +$ cat /dev/sndstat +Installed devices: +pcm0: <vendor 0x046d HD Pro Webcam C920> (rec) +pcm1: <Audioengine Ltd. Audioengine 2+> (play) default +``` + +Since my output (`-O`) device has index 1, and my recording (`-R`) device has +index 0, I'll enable `virtual_oss` like so: + +```bash +sysrc -v virtual_oss_enable=YES +sysrc -v virtual_oss_dsp='-T /dev/sndstat -C 2 -c 2 -S -r 48000 -b 16 -s 25ms -O /dev/dsp1 -R /dev/dsp0 -d dsp' +``` + +You'll need to set the `-r` flag to the sample rate and `-b` to the bit depth of your device +(you can usually find these values in `dmesg`). +If your devices have different sample rates, the `-S` flag enables automatic resampling. + +The `-s` flag sets the buffer size. I had to increase this to `25ms` to avoid clipping. + +### Device Permissions via devfs + +You should create a custom `devfs(8)` ruleset to allow unprivileged users to access +various hardware devices. Create `/etc/devfs.rules` with the following: + +```ini +# /etc/devfs.rules + +[localrules=1000] +add path 'drm/*' mode 0660 group operator +add path 'backlight/*' mode 0660 group operator +add path 'video*' mode 0660 group operator +add path 'usb/*' mode 0660 group operator +``` + +If you plan on burning CDs, you will need a few more lines. First, check +the output of `camcontrol devlist` to determine the `pass(4)` device associated +with your CD burner: + +``` +$ camcontrol devlist +<AHCI SGPIO Enclosure 2.00 0001> at scbus0 target 0 lun 0 (ses0,pass0) +<CL1-3D256-Q11 NVMe SSSTC 256GB 22301116> at scbus1 target 0 lun 1 (pass1,nda0) +<HL-DT-ST BD-RE BU40N 1.03> at scbus2 target 0 lun 0 (cd0,pass2) +``` + +In my case, `cd0` is associated with `pass2`, so I will add the following: + +```ini +add path 'xpt*' mode 0660 group operator +add path 'cd*' mode 0660 group operator +add path 'pass2' mode 0660 group operator +``` + +Be sure to set the default ruleset like so: + +```bash +sysrc -v devfs_system_ruleset=localrules +``` + +### USB Power Saving + +If you're using a laptop, you'll want to power down inactive USB devices +to save battery life. + +Add the following to `/etc/rc.local`: + +```bash +# /etc/rc.local + +usbconfig | awk -F: '{ print $1 }' | xargs -rtn1 -I% usbconfig -d % power_save +``` + +### Suspend on Lid Close + +For laptops, you'll need a `devd` rule to automatically suspend when the lid is +closed. Create `/etc/devd/lid-close.conf` with the following: + +``` +# /etc/devd/lid-close.conf + +notify 20 { + match "system" "ACPI"; + match "subsystem" "Lid"; + match "notify" "0x00"; + action "/usr/local/libexec/kde-lock-and-suspend"; +}; + +``` + +On FreeBSD, you can enter sleep mode by running `acpiconf -s3`. But if we're +logged into a desktop session, we'd like to make sure our screen is locked first. + +Long ago, in a more sensible time, we'd just run `pkill -USR1 xidle` to lock the +screen. Sadly, KDE requires that we enter the teenage wasteland of D-Bus to accomplish +this. + +Create `/usr/local/libexec/kde-lock-and-suspend` like so: + +```bash +#!/bin/sh + +# /usr/local/libexec/kde-lock-and-suspend + +# For any active KDE session, lock the screen via dbus. +/usr/local/bin/qdbus-qt5 --literal --system \ + org.freedesktop.ConsoleKit \ + /org/freedesktop/ConsoleKit/Manager \ + org.freedesktop.ConsoleKit.Manager.GetSessions \ + | /usr/bin/sed 's/^.*\(Session[0-9]*\).*$/\1/' \ + | /usr/bin/xargs -rtn1 -I% \ + /usr/local/bin/qdbus-qt5 --system \ + org.freedesktop.ConsoleKit \ + /org/freedesktop/ConsoleKit/% \ + org.freedesktop.ConsoleKit.Session.Lock + +# Give the previous command some time to complete. +sleep 0.5 + +# Suspend! +/usr/sbin/acpiconf -s3 +``` + +Don't forget to make it executable: + +```bash +chmod 755 /usr/local/libexec/kde-lock-and-suspend +``` + +### ThinkPad Backlight Controls + +I had to do a bit of work to get the backlight keys working on my ThinkPad +X1 Carbon. + +First make sure the `acpi_ibm` kernel module is loaded: + +```bash +kldload acpi_ibm +``` + +Then, set the following sysctl to allow `devd(8)` to handle the button events: + +```bash +sysctl dev.acpi_ibm.0.handlerevents='0x10 0x11' +``` + +We'll need a `devd(8)` rule to handle these events. Create `/etc/devd/thinkpad-brightness.conf` +with the following: + +``` +# /etc/devd/thinkpad-brightness.conf + +notify 20 { +  match "system" "ACPI"; +  match "subsystem" "IBM"; +  match "notify" "0x10"; +  action "/usr/local/libexec/thinkpad-brightness up"; +}; + +notify 20 { +  match "system" "ACPI"; +  match "subsystem" "IBM"; +  match "notify" "0x11"; +  action "/usr/local/libexec/thinkpad-brightness down"; +}; +``` + +Finally, create the following script at `/usr/local/libexec/thinkpad-brightness`: + +```bash +#!/bin/sh + +# /usr/local/libexec/thinkpad-brightness + +case $1 in + up) + if [ "$cur" -ge 50 ]; then + delta=10 + elif [ "$cur" -ge 10 ]; then + delta=5 + else + delta=2 + fi + + /usr/bin/backlight incr "$delta" + ;; + down) + if [ "$cur" -le 10 ]; then + delta=2 + elif [ "$cur" -le 50 ]; then + delta=5 + else + delta=10 + fi + + /usr/bin/backlight decr "$delta" + ;; +esac +``` + +Don't forget to make it executable: + +```bash +chmod 755 /usr/local/libexec/thinkpad-brightness +``` + +### Reboot + +Reboot to apply these changes and make sure you didn't break anything: + +```bash +reboot +``` + +## PF Firewall + +It's sensible to block unexpected incoming connections. Create `/etc/pf.conf` with +the following: + +```bash +# /etc/pf.conf + +# Replace this with the names of your network interfaces. +egress = "{ em0, wlan0, ue0 }" + +allowed_tcp_ports = "{ ssh }" +# If you do any voice/video chats, you may need to open UDP ports for RTP. +allowed_udp_ports = "{ 1024:65535 }" + +set block-policy return +set skip on lo + +scrub in on $egress all fragment reassemble +antispoof quick for $egress + +block all +pass out quick on $egress inet +pass in quick on $egress inet proto icmp all icmp-type { echoreq, unreach } + +pass in quick on $egress inet proto tcp to port $allowed_tcp_ports +pass in quick on $egress inet proto udp to port $allowed_udp_ports +``` + +Activate the firewall: + +```bash +sysrc -v pf_enable=YES +service pf start +``` + +## Disable Periodic Scripts + +Out of the box, FreeBSD includes a bunch of `periodic(8)` scripts that churn +through your hard disk, reach out to the internet, and send emails. I disable +most of these. You can check `/etc/defaults/periodic.conf` for a full list. + +```bash +sysrc -v -f /etc/periodic.conf \ + daily_backup_aliases_enable=NO \ + daily_backup_gpart_enable=NO \ + daily_backup_passwd_enable=NO \ + daily_clean_disks_verbose=NO \ + daily_clean_hoststat_enable=NO \ + daily_clean_preserve_verbose=NO \ + daily_clean_rwho_verbose=NO \ + daily_clean_tmps_verbose=NO \ + daily_show_info=NO \ + daily_show_success=NO \ + daily_status_disks_enable=NO \ + daily_status_include_submit_mailq=NO \ + daily_status_mail_rejects_enable=NO \ + daily_status_mail_rejects_enable=NO \ + daily_status_mailq_enable=NO \ + daily_status_network_enable=NO \ + daily_status_security_enable=NO \ + daily_status_uptime_enable=NO \ + daily_status_world_kernel=NO \ + daily_status_zfs_zpool_list_enable=NO \ + daily_submit_queuerun=NO \ + monthly_accounting_enable=NO \ + monthly_show_info=NO \ + monthly_show_success=NO \ + monthly_status_security_enable=NO \ + security_show_info=NO \ + security_show_success=NO \ + security_status_chkmounts_enable=NO \ + security_status_chksetuid_enable=NO \ + security_status_chkuid0_enable=NO \ + security_status_ipf6denied_enable=NO \ + security_status_ipfdenied_enable=NO \ + security_status_ipfwdenied_enable=NO \ + security_status_ipfwlimit_enable=NO \ + security_status_kernelmsg_enable=NO \ + security_status_logincheck_enable=NO \ + security_status_loginfail_enable=NO \ + security_status_neggrpperm_enable=NO \ + security_status_passwdless_enable=NO \ + security_status_pfdenied_enable=NO \ + security_status_tcpwrap_enable=NO \ + weekly_locate_enable=NO \ + weekly_show_info=NO \ + weekly_show_success=NO \ + weekly_status_security_enable=NO \ + weekly_whatis_enable=NO +``` + +## Add Users + +Create your local user account. Make sure to add yourself to the `operator` and +`wheel` groups. + +```bash +pw useradd \ + -n robertlee \ + -c 'Robert E. Lee' \ + -s /bin/sh \ + -M 700 \ + -d /home/robertlee \ + -G operator,wheel +``` + +You'll probably want to install `sudo`: + +```bash +pkg install sudo +``` + +Update `/usr/local/etc/sudoers` to give sudo permissions to the `wheel` group: + +``` +# /usr/local/etc/sudoers + +%wheel ALL=(ALL:ALL) ALL +``` + +## Set Locale + +Set your locale for login shells in `/etc/login.conf`. Modify this file as shown +below with your preferred locale: + +```diff +--- login.conf ++++ login.conf +@@ -23,7 +23,9 @@ + :umtxp=unlimited:\ + :priority=0:\ + :ignoretime@:\ +- :umask=022: ++ :umask=022:\ ++ :charset=UTF-8:\ ++ :lang=en_US.UTF-8: +``` + +Rebuild the login database to apply this change: + +```bash +cap_mkdb /etc/login.conf +``` + +For non-login shells, create `/etc/profile.d/locale.sh` like so: + +```bash +# /etc/profile.d/locale.sh + +export LANG=en_US.UTF-8 +export CHARSET=UTF-8 +``` + +## Enable NTP + +`ntpd(8)` will keep your system clock up-to-date. + +Edit `/etc/ntp.conf` with your preferred NTP servers: + +``` +tos minclock 3 maxclock 6 + +pool 0.freebsd.pool.ntp.org iburst +pool 2.freebsd.pool.ntp.org iburst + +restrict default limited kod nomodify notrap noquery nopeer +restrict source limited kod nomodify notrap noquery + +restrict 127.0.0.1 +restrict ::1 + +leapfile "/var/db/ntpd.leap-seconds.list" +``` + +Start `ntpd`: + +```bash +sysrc -v ntpd_enable=YES ntpd_sync_on_start=YES +service ntpd start +``` + +## Set the Timezone + +In case you didn't do this during the installation, set your timezone: + +```bash +cp -v /usr/share/zoneinfo/America/New_York /etc/localtime +``` + +## Switch to openssh-portable + +The `ssh` in FreeBSD's base system is heavily patched with stuff I don't use. +I prefer to use the vanilla `openssh-portable` from ports. + +```bash +pkg install openssh-portable +``` + +Edit `/usr/local/etc/ssh/sshd_config` as appropriate: + +```bash +# /usr/local/etc/ssh/sshd_config + +PermitRootLogin prohibit-password + +UsePAM yes +UseDNS no + +Subsystem sftp /usr/local/libexec/sftp-server +``` + +Replace the running `sshd` with the new one: + +```bash +sysrc -v sshd_enable=NO openssh_enable=YES +service sshd stop +service openssh start +``` + +The `ssh` command will continue using the base system's `/usr/bin/ssh` unless +you update your `$PATH`. + +You can edit `/etc/login.conf` to make the change for all users: + +```diff +--- login.conf ++++ login.conf +@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ + :welcome=/var/run/motd:\ + :setenv=BLOCKSIZE=K:\ + :mail=/var/mail/$:\ +- :path=/sbin /bin /usr/sbin /usr/bin /usr/local/sbin /usr/local/bin ~/bin:\ ++ :path=/sbin /bin /usr/local/sbin /usr/local/bin /usr/sbin /usr/bin ~/bin:\ + :nologin=/var/run/nologin:\ + :cputime=unlimited:\ + :datasize=unlimited:\ +``` + +Rebuild the login database to apply this change: + +```bash +cap_mkdb /etc/login.conf +``` + +## Fix 256-color XTerm + +The `termcap(5)` database on FreeBSD has a [bug](https://bugs.freebsd.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=280679) +which prevents "bright" colors from rendering on `xterm`-like terminals. + +You can fix it with the following line noise: + +```bash +mkdir -p /usr/local/share/site-terminfo +cat <<'EOF' | tic -o /usr/local/share/site-terminfo - +xterm-256color|xterm with 256 colors, + am, bce, ccc, km, mc5i, mir, msgr, npc, xenl, + colors#0x100, cols#80, it#8, lines#24, pairs#0x10000, + acsc=``aaffggiijjkkllmmnnooppqqrrssttuuvvwwxxyyzz{{||}}~~, + bel=^G, blink=\E[5m, bold=\E[1m, cbt=\E[Z, civis=\E[?25l, + clear=\E[H\E[2J, cnorm=\E[?12l\E[?25h, cr=\r, + csr=\E[%i%p1%d;%p2%dr, cub=\E[%p1%dD, cub1=^H, + cud=\E[%p1%dB, cud1=\n, cuf=\E[%p1%dC, cuf1=\E[C, + cup=\E[%i%p1%d;%p2%dH, cuu=\E[%p1%dA, cuu1=\E[A, + cvvis=\E[?12;25h, dch=\E[%p1%dP, dch1=\E[P, dim=\E[2m, + dl=\E[%p1%dM, dl1=\E[M, ech=\E[%p1%dX, ed=\E[J, el=\E[K, + el1=\E[1K, flash=\E[?5h$<100/>\E[?5l, home=\E[H, + hpa=\E[%i%p1%dG, ht=^I, hts=\EH, ich=\E[%p1%d@, + il=\E[%p1%dL, il1=\E[L, ind=\n, indn=\E[%p1%dS, + initc=\E]4;%p1%d;rgb:%p2%{255}%*%{1000}%/%2.2X/%p3%{255}%*%{1000}%/%2.2X/%p4%{255}%*%{1000}%/%2.2X\E\\, + invis=\E[8m, is2=\E[!p\E[?3;4l\E[4l\E>, kDC=\E[3;2~, + kEND=\E[1;2F, kHOM=\E[1;2H, kIC=\E[2;2~, kLFT=\E[1;2D, + kNXT=\E[6;2~, kPRV=\E[5;2~, kRIT=\E[1;2C, ka1=\EOw, + ka3=\EOy, kb2=\EOu, kbs=^?, kc1=\EOq, kc3=\EOs, kcbt=\E[Z, + kcub1=\EOD, kcud1=\EOB, kcuf1=\EOC, kcuu1=\EOA, + kdch1=\E[3~, kend=\EOF, kent=\EOM, kf1=\EOP, kf10=\E[21~, + kf11=\E[23~, kf12=\E[24~, kf13=\E[1;2P, kf14=\E[1;2Q, + kf15=\E[1;2R, kf16=\E[1;2S, kf17=\E[15;2~, kf18=\E[17;2~, + kf19=\E[18;2~, kf2=\EOQ, kf20=\E[19;2~, kf21=\E[20;2~, + kf22=\E[21;2~, kf23=\E[23;2~, kf24=\E[24;2~, + kf25=\E[1;5P, kf26=\E[1;5Q, kf27=\E[1;5R, kf28=\E[1;5S, + kf29=\E[15;5~, kf3=\EOR, kf30=\E[17;5~, kf31=\E[18;5~, + kf32=\E[19;5~, kf33=\E[20;5~, kf34=\E[21;5~, + kf35=\E[23;5~, kf36=\E[24;5~, kf37=\E[1;6P, kf38=\E[1;6Q, + kf39=\E[1;6R, kf4=\EOS, kf40=\E[1;6S, kf41=\E[15;6~, + kf42=\E[17;6~, kf43=\E[18;6~, kf44=\E[19;6~, + kf45=\E[20;6~, kf46=\E[21;6~, kf47=\E[23;6~, + kf48=\E[24;6~, kf49=\E[1;3P, kf5=\E[15~, kf50=\E[1;3Q, + kf51=\E[1;3R, kf52=\E[1;3S, kf53=\E[15;3~, kf54=\E[17;3~, + kf55=\E[18;3~, kf56=\E[19;3~, kf57=\E[20;3~, + kf58=\E[21;3~, kf59=\E[23;3~, kf6=\E[17~, kf60=\E[24;3~, + kf61=\E[1;4P, kf62=\E[1;4Q, kf63=\E[1;4R, kf7=\E[18~, + kf8=\E[19~, kf9=\E[20~, khome=\EOH, kich1=\E[2~, + kind=\E[1;2B, kmous=\E[<, knp=\E[6~, kpp=\E[5~, + kri=\E[1;2A, mc0=\E[i, mc4=\E[4i, mc5=\E[5i, meml=\El, + memu=\Em, mgc=\E[?69l, nel=\EE, oc=\E]104\007, + op=\E[39;49m, rc=\E8, rep=%p1%c\E[%p2%{1}%-%db, + rev=\E[7m, ri=\EM, rin=\E[%p1%dT, ritm=\E[23m, rmacs=\E(B, + rmam=\E[?7l, rmcup=\E[?1049l\E[23;0;0t, rmir=\E[4l, + rmkx=\E[?1l\E>, rmm=\E[?1034l, rmso=\E[27m, rmul=\E[24m, + rs1=\Ec\E]104\007, rs2=\E[!p\E[?3;4l\E[4l\E>, sc=\E7, + setab=\E[%?%p1%{8}%<%t4%p1%d%e%p1%{16}%<%t10%p1%{8}%-%d%e48;5;%p1%d%;m, + setaf=\E[%?%p1%{8}%<%t3%p1%d%e%p1%{16}%<%t9%p1%{8}%-%d%e38;5;%p1%d%;m, + sgr=%?%p9%t\E(0%e\E(B%;\E[0%?%p6%t;1%;%?%p5%t;2%;%?%p2%t;4%;%?%p1%p3%|%t;7%;%?%p4%t;5%;%?%p7%t;8%;m, + sgr0=\E(B\E[m, sitm=\E[3m, smacs=\E(0, smam=\E[?7h, + smcup=\E[?1049h\E[22;0;0t, + smglr=\E[?69h\E[%i%p1%d;%p2%ds, smir=\E[4h, + smkx=\E[?1h\E=, smm=\E[?1034h, smso=\E[7m, smul=\E[4m, + tbc=\E[3g, u6=\E[%i%d;%dR, u7=\E[6n, + u8=\E[?%[;0123456789]c, u9=\E[c, vpa=\E[%i%p1%dd, +EOF +``` + +## Install Root Certificates + +FreeBSD trusts a limited number of certificate authorities out of the box. +Install the root CA bundle from Mozilla to trust all the standard ones: + +```bash +pkg install ca_root_nss +``` + +## Install KDE and Desktop Applications + +Grab a cup of coffee and kick back while you install KDE and all the desktop packages. +You might not want all of these, they're just what I find useful. + +```bash +pkg install \ + audacious-plugins-qt5 \ + audacious-qt5 \ + chromium \ + digikam \ + elisa \ + en-hunspell \ + firefox \ + freedesktop-sound-theme \ + k3b \ + kde5 \ + kid3-kf5 \ + kmix \ + konversation \ + libreoffice \ + libva-utils \ + libvdpau-va-gl \ + merkuro \ + sddm \ + signal-desktop \ + thunderbird \ + vdpauinfo \ + xorg +``` + +## Install Fonts + +You'll find that some websites don't render quite right without these fonts installed: + +```bash +pkg install \ + cantarell-fonts \ + droid-fonts-ttf \ + inconsolata-ttf \ + noto-basic \ + noto-emoji \ + roboto-fonts-ttf \ + ubuntu-font \ + webfonts +``` + +And of course, how can you live without [Terminus](https://files.ax86.net/terminus-ttf/): + +```bash +pkg install terminus-font terminus-ttf +``` + +If you want to use the bitmapped version, you'll need to update `xorg.conf.d`: + +``` +# /usr/local/etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/terminus.conf + +Section "Files" + FontPath "/usr/local/share/fonts/terminus-font/" +EndSection +``` + +## Enable D-Bus + +D-Bus is required for KDE and just about every GUI application these days. + +```bash +sysrc -v dbus_enable=YES +service dbus start +``` + +## Configure SDDM + +[sddm](https://github.com/sddm/sddm) is the preferred login manager for KDE. Enable and start it: + +```bash +sysrc -v sddm_enable=YES +service sddm start +``` + +With any luck, you'll be dumped to a graphical login screen where you can launch KDE. + +KDE under Wayland won't even start for me. To prevent my wife from accidentally selecting +it, I disabled Wayland in `sddm.conf(5)` like so: + +```ini +# /usr/local/etc/sddm.conf + +[General] +DisplayServer = x11 + +[Wayland] +SessionDir = /dev/null +``` + +Hopefully by the time Wayland runs on FreeBSD, the RedHat teenagers will have +moved on to another display server. X11 works fine. + +## Known Issues + +This section describes what doesn't work on FreeBSD, and some potential workarounds. + +### User switching is broken + +There is a long-standing [ConsoleKit2 bug](https://bugs.freebsd.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=221452) +that prevents user switching from working reliably on FreeBSD. + +There is [another bug](https://github.com/freebsd/drm-kmod/issues/175) that results in broken graphics +acceleration whenever a VT switch is performed. + +Therefore, it's best to just disable user switching for now. You can disable it for +all users by adding the following to `/usr/local/etc/xdg/kdeglobals`: + +``` +# /usr/local/etc/xdg/kdeglobals + +[KDE Action Restrictions] +action/start_new_session=false +action/switch_user=false +``` + +### Processes aren't killed on logout + +On FreeBSD, multiple processes remain running indefinitely after logging out +of a KDE session. Chromium is especially annoying: it continues running after logout, but gets +trapped in some crazy state where it consumes 100% of a CPU core forever. + +I imagine the KDE developers are mostly concerned with systemd-based Linux distributions, +where `logind` ensures that all processes associated with a user session are forcibly killed +when the user logs out. So this probably isn't on anyone's radar. + +Luckily, KDE Plasma has the ability to run a cleanup script whenever a user logs out. Create the +following directory: + +```bash +mkdir -p /usr/local/etc/xdg/plasma-workspace/shutdown +``` + +Then create `/usr/local/etc/xdg/plasma-workspace/shutdown/cleanup.sh` like so: + +```bash +#!/bin/sh + +# /usr/local/etc/xdg/plasma-workspace/shutdown/cleanup.sh + +# Some processes don't kill themselves when the X server dies. +# This script takes care of them. +pkill signal-desktop chrome baloo_file dirmngr +pkill -f /usr/local/libexec/geoclue-2.0/demos/agent +``` + +Don't forget to make this file executable: + +```bash +chmod +x /usr/local/etc/xdg/plasma-workspace/shutdown/cleanup.sh +``` + +### Baloo creates a gazillion .nfs files + +If you have NFS-mounted home directories (like I do), you may notice that your +homedir is littered with hundreds of `.nfs` files. + +KDE comes with a file indexing service called Baloo. Baloo seems to keep lots of open file +handles on the files it's indexing. If these files get deleted, the NFS [silly rename](https://linux-nfs.org/wiki/index.php/Server-side_silly_rename) +hack is triggered, causing a bunch of `.nfs` files to be created. + +I've read that Baloo doesn't index network mounts, but apparently it does (at least on FreeBSD). + +You can disable Baloo entirely by creating `/usr/local/etc/xdg/baloofilerc` with the following: + +```ini +# /usr/local/etc/xdg/baloofilerc + +[Basic Settings] +Indexing-Enabled=false +``` + +### Hardware video acceleration broken in Chromium + +Video playback in Chromium is supposed to be hardware-accelerated using [VA-API](https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Hardware_video_acceleration). +However, despite installing `libva-intel-media-driver`, my CPU was pegged at 60% or so when watching a YouTube video. + +I blindly copy-pasted dozens of command-line flags for Chromium until I found the +incantation that enabled hardware-accelerated video playback: + +```bash +chrome --enable-features=Vulkan,VulkanFromANGLE,DefaultANGLEVulkan +``` + +With those magic flags, CPU usage does not noticeably increase during video playback. + +To make this change permanent, you can use a custom `.desktop` override for Chromium. +First, create a new directory to hold our custom `.desktop` files: + +```bash +mkdir -p /usr/local/share-override/applications +``` + +Then, you must set the `$XDG_DATA_DIRS` environment variable so your new directory takes precedence: + +```diff +--- login.conf ++++ login.conf +@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ + :passwd_format=sha512:\ + :copyright=/etc/COPYRIGHT:\ + :welcome=/var/run/motd:\ +- :setenv=BLOCKSIZE=K:\ ++ :setenv=BLOCKSIZE=K,XDG_DATA_DIRS=/usr/local/share-override\c/usr/local/share:\ + :mail=/var/mail/$:\ + :path=/sbin /bin /usr/local/sbin /usr/local/bin /usr/sbin /usr/bin ~/bin:\ + :nologin=/var/run/nologin:\ +``` + +And, as usual: + +```bash +cap_mkdb /etc/login.conf +``` + +Finally, create a custom `chromium-browser.desktop` file like so: + +```ini +# /usr/local/share-override/desktop/chromium-browser.desktop + +[Desktop Entry] +Type=Application +Version=1.0 +Encoding=UTF-8 +Name=Chromium +Comment=Google web browser based on WebKit +Icon=chrome +Exec=chrome --enable-features=Vulkan,VulkanFromANGLE,DefaultANGLEVulkan %U +Categories=Application;Network;WebBrowser; +MimeType=text/html;text/xml;application/xhtml+xml;x-scheme-handler/http;x-scheme-handler/https;x-scheme-handler/ftp; +StartupNotify=true +``` + +Luckily, video acceleration in Firefox seems to work properly without any fiddling. + +### Screen tearing + +Until the X11 people cut a release containing [this PR](https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/xorg/xserver/-/merge_requests/1006), +you will experience some screen tearing with the default modesetting driver. + +Allegedly, you can install the `xf86-video-intel` driver and enable the `TearFree` option in `xorg.conf`. +However, I believe this driver is largely unmaintained, so YMMV. + +I found that screen tearing is greatly reduced by setting **Latency** to *Force lowest latency* under +System Settings → Display and Monitor → Compositor. + +Please do not tell me to use Wayland. At the time of this writing, it does not work. diff --git a/src/blog/freebsd-14-on-the-desktop/kde5.jpg b/src/blog/freebsd-14-on-the-desktop/kde5.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..66cac82 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/blog/freebsd-14-on-the-desktop/kde5.jpg |
